This unit comprises the following topics: (1) numeric protection—numeric distance protection; elements of signal processing involved; direct online evaluation of impedances using Fourier transform, curve fitting and Kalman filtering; differential equation method based on primary system model; steady-state and dynamic response evaluations; digital current differential protection for transmission circuits; synchronous and non-synchronous data sampling; time alignment of data; numeric evaluation of protection operating and bias signals; digital transformer differential protection; digital techniques for harmonic biasing; digital overcurrent protection; numerical low-impedance busbar... -- Course Website
